Species of the Month

March Species of the Month: Arrowhead Spiketail (Cordulegaster obliqua)

A male Arrowhead Spiketail (C. obliqua) photographed moments after the first state record ovipositing female was sighted. (Michael Moore)

March’s DSA species’ focus is the Arrowhead Spiketail (Cordulegaster obliqua). This dragonfly is in the family Cordulegastridae, commonly known as the Spiketails. These are medium to large dragonflies, measuring 72-81 mm (about three inches in total body length). Arrowhead Spiketails are found in the United States from Minnesota and southern Quebec to northern Florida and Louisiana.  And now — Delaware! Enjoy Michael Moore’s story of searching for a state record, and the rewards of chasing dragonflies with a knowledgeable friend.

Predicting a First Arrowhead Spiketail for Delaware

It was a warm day in late June of 2015, when Hal White and I searched Blackbird Creek in Blackbird State Forest in Delaware for odonates. This creek has many unique early season odonates for Delaware, but the prize is a tiny relic population of Sable Clubtails (Stenogomphurus rogersi), one of only four known small populations remaining on the Delmarva Peninsula. 

Blackbird State Forest, north of Smyrna, Delaware, is an underexplored area with much potential for other rare odonates.It contains the headwaters for Blackbird Creek, so the creek is relatively pristine here. It also has many vernal pools, seep streams and beaver ponds. 

Another view of the seep stream in Blackbird State Forest, Delaware. (Michael Moore)

The first state record of Arrowhead Spiketail (C. obliqua) was this female ovipositing in the above stream on June 9, 2016. (Michael Moore)

Sable Clubtail (Stenogomphurus rogersi) (Michael Moore)

In addition to the Sable Clubtail, specialty odonates from here include Twin-spotted Spiketail (Cordulegaster maculata), old records of Delta-spotted Spiketail (C. diastatops), Harlequin Darner (Gomphaeschna furcillata), Taper-tailed Darner (G. antilope), Springtime Darner (Basiaeschna janata), Stream Cruiser (Didymops transversa), Common Sanddragon (Progomphus obscurus) and Turquoise Bluet (Enallagma divagans).There have been two sight records of Petite Emerald (Dorocordulia lepida), which would be a first state record, but this has not yet confirmed by photo or specimen.

Off the Beaten Path

Hal, a retired chemistry professor who has also been studying odonates for more than 60 years, and I usually cover a standard route in the forest, checking various spots on the creek. Today, he announced that he wanted to take me to a place I’d never been. We hiked deeper into the forest than I had ever gone, with Hal confidently navigating several intersections in the trail.  I was lost! Soon, we arrived at a beautiful tiny seep stream crossing the trail. To me, it looked like many others in the forest. Hal told me that he thought the first state record for Arrowhead Spiketail (Cordulegaster obliqua) would come from this stream. We did not find any that day, but it was late in the season for them. Since Hal is uncannily accurate with these predictions, I resolved to return next year during peak season. 

I somehow found this stream again next year on June 9, 2016. Almost immediately, I was rewarded with the sight of a female Arrowhead Spiketail working her way up the stream, ovipositing as she went. The first state record! It was the first time I had witnessed oviposition behavior in a Spiketail.  Within a few minutes, two males cruised by. One perched for a great photo. In all, I estimated there were about six males cruising up and down this little stream that day. The stream is less than a meter (about three feet) wide and maybe only 100 meters  (about 328 feet) long, and does occasionally dry out.  

We have found Arrowhead Spiketails in subsequent years, but the tiny population remains the only one known in Delaware. Hal has never been able to tell me specifically what it was about this stream that made him believe the Arrowhead Spiketails would be there, only that it looks like other places where he has found them. He subsequently predicted and then found a previously unknown population of Gray Petaltail (Tachopteryx thoreyi).  As I said, I always take Hal’s predictions seriously. 

Our guest blogger for March is Michael C. Moore (mcmoore32@gmail.com).  Mike is a recently retired Biology professor. He was at Arizona State University for 27 years and then at University of Delaware for 11 years before retiring a couple of years ago. He has published nearly 100 papers in scientific journals on behavior and hormones of birds and reptiles. He is currently Project Manager for Odonata Central, President of the Delaware Ornithological Society, a Vice President of the Dragonfly Society of the Americas and an eBIrd reviewer for Delaware.  He maintains a website on the odonates of the Delmarva Peninsula (https://www.tramea.net/dmv/index.html).

Species of the Month

Red Rock Skimmer (Paltothemis lineatipes) male on red rock, Cochise Co., AZ, July 2013 

Roseate Skimmer (Orthemis ferruginea).

Red Rock Skimmer (Paltothemis lineatipes) male, Cochise Co., AZ, September 2021--4273

Red Rock Skimmer (Paltothemis lineatipes)  female, Pinal Co., AZ, October 2011

Red Rock Skimmer ( Paltothemis lineatipes) female, Cochise Co., AZ, October 2014

Red Rock Skimmer (Paltothemis lineatipes) habitat, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona.

February Species of the Month: Red Rock Skimmer (Paltothemis lineatipes)

February’s DSA species’ focus is the Red Rock Skimmer, Paltothemis lineatipes. This dragonfly is in the family Libellulidae, commonly known as the Skimmers, the largest Odonata family... These are medium to large sized dragonflies, measuring 46-48 mm (about two inches in total body length), that you’ll find in rocky streams. Their range is west to California, north to Oregon, south through Mexico and Panama; east to Texas and Oklahoma.  Read on and discover Jim Burns’ story of learning about dragonflies and cryptic coloration while stalking the female Red Rock Skimmer in Arizona.

 From Birding to Dragonflies

When I migrated to Odonata after many years of serious birding, the first thing about dragons and damsels that blew me away, just as with birds, was the variety and intensity of their colors.  In October, 2011, I photographed my first dragonfly. A male Roseate Skimmer! It was my “spark” ode. In retrospect it is no surprise as red is nature’s eye candy.

The following spring—my first full season with Odonata—I  sloshed through Oak Creek Canyon in Arizona’s iconic red rock country. There,  I saw my first male Red Rock Skimmer. More eye candy! Its spectacular scarlet body was inlaid with fine, black etching, aptly named I thought, as the geographical center of the species’ five state southwestern range in our colorful Arizona canyonlands. Looking at my images after the trip, I noticed all the males I photographed were perched flat on reddish colored rocks.  Perhaps there was more going on with this species than met the eye? (Pun intended!)

Cryptic Coloration 

Citizen naturalists, especially birders, are well aware of cryptic coloration. There is countershading (sandpipers on a sandy beach), mimicry (Zone-tailed Hawks imitating Turkey Vultures), and background matching (owls against tree bark).  So, undoubtedly here in the realm of odonata was background matching: male Red Rock Skimmers on striated red rocks.  But where were the females?

Wherever I found male Red Rocks, I began paying more attention to surrounding stones, leaves, and trees. But to no avail!  It wasn’t until October of 2014, three years after my initial male, that I found my first female.  Along Bear Creek, an ephemeral rivulet flowing south out of the Huachuca Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona, I found a pair of Red Rocks in tandem. I watched the female ovipositing while he guarded.

I was afraid to move for fear of spooking the female! I followed her visually as she left the water, headed into dry grass, and disappeared.  I glassed with my binoculars for twenty minutes into an area only a few yards away from me and only a few yards across. Then, I finally spotted the female.  Her black-etched tan and beige body perfectly blended with the dead grass seed head to which she clung, and the grasses all around her.

In the ten years since I began actively seeking Odes, I’ve probably seen several hundred male Red Rock Skimmers.  I have found only four females. The most recent was last October, when I saw one hanging from the tip of a branch high above a mountain stream against a mottled background of leaves turning autumn colors.  Her cryptic coloration fooled my camera’s autofocus—and presumably predators—as easily as it has fooled me all these years.  I was unable to photograph her because there was not enough contrast for the camera’s autofocus to find her.  You can be sure female Red Rock Skimmers will be a priority for me this coming season.

Our guest blogger for February is Jim Burns, a nature writer/ photographer based in Scottsdale, Arizona.  A lifelong adult birder, he went over to the “dark side,” Odonata, a decade ago.  You can see more of his work on birds and dragonflies on his website–jimburnsphotos.com

Species of the Month

Figure 1. Male Cerulean Dancer, Argia anceps. Sycamore Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 23 September 2012. Photo Pierre Deviche.

Figure 2. Locations where Cerulean Dancers, Argia anceps, have been found in Arizona as of December 2021. Blue dots show new locations where the species has been found since 2018. Data courtesy Richard Bailowitz.

Figure 3. Pair of Cerulean Dancer, Argia anceps, in tandem. Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 28 October 2017. Photo Pierre Deviche.

Figure 4. Habitat of Cerulean Dancer, Argia anceps, in Arizona. Top photo: Scotia Canyon, Cochise Co.; bottom photo: Cienega Creek, Pima Co. Photos Pierre Deviche. 

January’s Featured Species: Cerulean Dancer (Argia anceps)

This month’s DSA species’ focus is the Cerulean Dancer, Argia anceps. This damselfly is in the family Coenagrionidae, commonly known as the narrow-winged damselflies. A large damselfly, measuring 38-41 mm (around 1 ½ inches), this species’ range includes Arizona south to Panama. Read on to listen to Pierre Deviche, Professor of Environmental Physiology at Arizona State University, tell fascinating stories of observing this damselfly in the Southwest. 

Autumn in Arizona

Fall in Arizona is always an exciting time to look for odonates. By then temperatures are not as hot as in the dead of summer. And in most years, the summer monsoon brings water to the arid Sonoran Desert, turning brown and desiccated landscapes green with new vegetation and causing an explosion of insect life. For those interested in odonates, fall provides opportunities to find uncommon species that moved North from Mexico during the monsoon season. One of the best locations to look for such species is Sycamore Canyon in Santa Cruz County, located just north of the international border and where, among others, Oculate Dancer (Argia oculata), Mayan Setwing (Dythemis maya), Straight-tipped Ringtail (Erpetogomphus elaps) and White-tailed Sylph (Macrothemis pseudimitans) were documented in recent years.

An Honest Mistake

During a visit to Sycamore Canyon on 23 September 2012, I observed and photographed a male dancer that I identified to be a Sierra Madre Dancer (A. lacrimans), an uncommon damselfly with a small established population at this location. Nothing else would have come of this observation, were it not for the fact that in March 2013, while surveying the San Pedro River, Richard Bailowitz and Douglas Danforth stumbled upon an immature male Cerulean Dancer (A. anceps). At the time, this individual was assumed to provide the first United States record of this Mexican species (Danforth et al. 2013). I had never encountered Cerulean Dancers—or so I thought—and was unfamiliar with the features that separate them from their look-alike taxon, the Sierra Madre Dancer. Out of curiosity—and intrigued by Bailowitz and Danforth’s discovery—I decided, just in case, to re-examine my Arizona pictures of Sierra Madre Dancer. This is when the individual photographed on September 23, 2012 proved to be a Cerulean Dancer.

Onward North with the Blue Damsels!

But the story did not end there. In fact, it got more interesting! After 2013, Cerulean Dancers began to be regularly reported from additional Arizona locations, and sometimes in significant numbers. For example, I found seven males along Sonoita Creek in Santa Cruz County in November of 2014. In December of 2021, I spotted eight of them during a single visit to the Cienega Creek Natural Preserve in Pima County (OC # 1935780). By late 2021, Cerulean Dancers had been recorded from 31 Southern Arizona sites in four counties, and at elevations between 618 m and 1,832 m (Figure 2), revealing an extensive and rapid northward range expansion during the past ten years. As well, just during the last four years (2018-2021), Argia anceps was found for the first time at nine of these 31 sites. This includes an individual in Pinal County (central Arizona, November 2021; OC # 1935263), well north of where the species had been seen until then. 

The dancer’s range expansion in the state is apparently still ongoing. It’s possible that A. anceps will continue marching north! Most observations to date have been of males, but pairs have also been seen, which suggests local breeding. Arizona populations likely comprise individuals that flew from Mexico, in addition to local breeders.

An Uncertain Future

No other odonate species in the southwest is known to have undergone such a rapid and large range increase similar to that shown by Cerulean Dancers. How long, how far north, and how persistent will the dancer’s colonization of Arizona last? Species’ ranges can expand and retract over time for a myriad of often unfathomable reasons, and only time will tell. But it is worth noting that A. anceps is rather eclectic in terms of habitat preference. It is found in narrow canyons as well as along slow-moving and mountain streams, and also major rivers.

It is tempting to conclude that this flexibility in habitat choice has contributed to the species’ recent success, but the question remains: In the next decades, will A. anceps become a regular denizen of Arizona waterways or, within the state, will it go the way of the dodo?

References cited:

Bailowitz, R., Danforth, D., and Upson, S. 2015. A Field Guide to the Damselflies and Dragonflies of Arizona and Sonora. Nova Granada Guides, Tucson, Arizona.

Danforth D., Bailowitz R., and Deviche P. 2013. “Cerulean Dancer, Argia anceps, a new species for the United States.” ARGIA 25: 10-11.

Our guest blogger for January is Pierre Deviche (deviche@asu.edu), Professor of Environmental Physiology at Arizona State University (ASU) in Tempe. Pierre’s ASU laboratory investigates physiological adaptations of native birds to their environments, especially their responses to extreme conditions and to urbanization. When he is not busy at work, you will often find him observing and photographing odonates throughout Arizona. Pierre developed and maintains the Arizona odonate website, http://azdragonfly.org/.

Species of the Month

Springwater Dancers (Argia plana), male and female in the wheel position. Nachusa Grasslands, Franklin Grove, IL (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

Bison at Nachusa Grasslands, Franklin Grove, IL (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

Male Sedge Sprite (Nehalennia irene), Nachusa Grasslands, Franklin Grove, IL (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

Male Springwater Dancer (Argia plana), Nachusa Grasslands, Franklin Grove, IL. (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

Springwater Dancer (Argia plana) female, Franklin Grove, IL (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

See the mask? (Look between the eyes!) Male Springwater Dancer (Argia plana), Franklin Grove, IL (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

Springwater Dancers (Argia plana) ovipositing, Nachusa Grasslands, Franklin Grove, IL. (Photo copyright Cindy Crosby)

December’s Featured Species: Springwater Dancer (Argia plana)

This month’s DSA species’ focus is the Springwater Dancer damselfly (Argia plana). It is in the family Coenagrionidae, commonly known as narrow-winged or pond damselflies, the largest damselfly family with more than 1,300 species. Measuring between 33-40 mm (approximately 1 ⅓-1 ¾  inches), these beautiful damselflies are found in North America’s Central to Southwest and parts of Guatemala and Mexico. Read on to hear writer and naturalist Cindy Crosby’s story of chasing this brightly-colored species at the eastern part of its range.

“Where the Buffalo Roam”

Most visitors to Nachusa Grasslands are lured there by the possibility of seeing bison. For me, the attractions are insects weighing .001 ounces: the Springwater Dancer damselfly (Argia plana). 

In 2013, I began collecting Odonata species data at Nachusa Grasslands, a 4,000-acre Nature Conservancy preserve in Franklin Grove, IL.  I was working on my master’s degree at University of Stevens Point, WI, in environmental interpretation and Nachusa was on the brink of introducing bison. Visitation numbers were expected to dramatically increase.  My degree work focused on engaging and connecting visitors to Nachusa Grasslands in ways that didn’t damage the site, which contains rare remnant prairie. When I asked who was monitoring the Odonate populations, the answer was---no one! I was excited to begin.

As I chased dragonflies at Nachusa, I became acquainted with the contours of this rural preserve. The underlying geology of the site ---St. Peter sandstone, with a rare dolomite fen--- was the setting for many common species that were, none-the-less, new to me. At a natural spring, I saw my first red damsel damselfly (Amphiagrion sp.) and learned that we aren’t really sure whether it is the western species (abbreviatum) or the eastern species (saucium). As a naturalist, this was one of my first introductions into the mysteries of dragonfly ID! It’s not always easy. I saw my first Midland Clubtail (Gomphus fraternus), the tiny Sedge Sprite (Nehalennia irene) and the even tinier Citrine Forktail (Ischnura hastata). But nothing was as exciting as my first glimpse of the Springwater Dancer damselflies.

As I waded in one of the creeks, collecting data, I caught a glimpse of something blue. Bright blue! I grabbed my camera and snapped a few shots, then watched them for a while. What species could it be? I’d never seen a damselfly in that bright, bright blue. Back home, leafing through the field guides and comparing them to my photo, I thought “Springwater Dancer.” But I wasn’t sure. Although it is a common “dancer” in the Southwest, at that time, they weren’t widely seen in Illinois. I sent my photos to a local Odonata mentor. Yes! He confirmed it. Argia plana. Springwater Dancer.

Males on my site are an impossible blue; most females are a lavender-ish brown. Some females are polymorphic, ranging from blue to brown to olive, with eyes that are usually brown. Dennis Paulson’s Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East field guide advised me to look for males perched on shoreline vegetation. That’s where I found them! Paulson notes the species prefers small to medium shallow rocky or sandy streams, and is considered indicative of springs in some parts of its range. Bingo! The Nachusa habitat is a perfect fit.

Dragonfly expert Marla Garrison, author of Damselflies of Chicagoland,  wrote my favorite description of the markings on the top center of this species’ head---“a Mardi-Gras mask!” Exactly. In 2010, Garrison found this species in Cook County, about as far east in Illinois as you can go. Is its range expanding? It will be interesting to find out!

In 2021, I watched several pairs ovipositing in the creek. In a year when there has been more discouraging news than encouraging news, it's nice to know that the Springwater Dancers continue to make their home at Nachusa Grasslands. 

I can’t wait to see them next spring.

******

Our guest blogger for December is Cindy Crosby, the author of Chasing Dragonflies: A Natural, Cultural, and Personal History (Northwestern University Press). Cindy has monitored dragonflies in Illinois since 2005, and helps supervise 20 dragonfly monitors in the Chicago region.  

ARGIA 33(4) is available for download on the DSA website

The latest issue of ARGIA is available on the DSA website

This extra lengthy issue contains:

• Lots of great articles, including one article describing the ode diversity that can be found at one site in Mexico in a single day (with many excellent photographs), one presenting the 2021 data from the Odonata Species Richness Project, and—just in time for your holiday parties—one discussing whether double dipping is socially acceptable... for odes.

• An announcement for the December Odolympics photograph competition - winning photographs to be published in the next ARGIA.

• The next Nymph Cove installment, which includes lots of tips on where to find nymphs (also available for free on the DSA website)

DSA members can login to download the issue.

Amanda Whispell

Editor-in-chief of ARGIA

Species of the Month

Polythore ornata male. Pampa Hermosa Sanctuary, Peru (photo copyright Melissa Sanchez Herrera)

Polythore ornata male. Pampa Hermosa Sanctuary, Peru. (photo credit to Melissa Sanchez Herrera)

Polythore ornata female Pampa Hermosa Sactuary, Peru (photo credit Melissa Sanchez)

Preferred Polythore habitat. (Casada Pacha, near Pozuzo, Melissa Sanchez Herrera)

Our Peruvian van, somewhere on the road near Pozuzo. Melissa Sanchez Herrera

November’s Featured Species: Polythore ornata

This month’s DSA species’ focus is Polythore ornata. They are in the Neotropical family Polythoridae, commonly known as banner-winged damselflies. A medium to large sized damselfly, measuring 39-65 mm), they are known from Peru’s eastern Andean foothills.  Polythore ornata males display an array of beautiful wing colors, such as white, orange and black, while the wings of females are almost hyaline or translucent. Read on to hear DSA President Melissa Sanchez-Herrera tell her story of her and Chris Beatty’s adventures chasing this delightful species.

Peruvian Music: The Soundtrack to Damselfly Fieldwork

In 2013, I received a National Geographic/Waitt Foundation Explorer Award to travel across South America, looking for Polythore damselflies. In September of that year, Chris Beatty and I met in Lima and stayed in a small hotel near the Natural History Museum of la Universidad Catolica. There, we hired a van and driver to take us across the Andes towards the Central Amazon for three weeks.

Our driver, Saul, was only about 19 years old, but had his license. When we arrived at the high elevation town of Tarma (around 10,000 ft or 3000 meters above sea level), just over the peak of the Andes, Saul began pulling to the side of the road and asking passersby how to find the road to La Merced. After a couple of these conversations Chris and I realized that Saul had no idea how to get to our first stop, Oxapampa. Thankfully we had printed maps and books of the Peruvian roads. 

Chris and I spent five five days exploring the rivers and streams around the small community of Pozuzo, a village perched along the river of the same name. There, we collected several Polythore species. Next, we went looking for Polythore ornata in the Pampa Hermosa Sanctuary, near La Merced township. Besides Saul's questionable driving skills, he blasted Peruvian music while driving and as he waited for us. Chris and I were relieved when we arrived at La Merced, where we left Saul at a hotel for three nights and took a 4x4 pickup to our accommodations in the cloud forest. Yay! No more blasted music… at least, for a few days.

Our wonderful lodge had hot water; a luxury not always available in the field.  Despite the cloudy and rainy weather, we were able to find Polythore ornata males, females and nymphs of this wonderful species. During rare cloudbreaks, we saw these magnificent and colorful damselflies flying along the trails we walked through, making the most of the sunshine.  In flight, they look like butterflies. We observed them hunt and fight for territories, but unfortunately we saw no mating behavior. 

We also saw the bird Rupicola rupicola, known in English as the “Cock of the Rock,” lekking near our field site, going through its elaborate courting calls and displays--a rare treat for any naturalist to experience.

To our surprise, as we collected damselflies, we sang Saul’s Peruvian tunes! We missed him! Now everytime Chris and I look at our photos and specimens of Polythore ornata, Saul comes to mind. Our inside joke  is to sing “mi corazón,” (which means “my heart”), a very common pop song term from Saul’s collection.

After three days, we returned to La Merced to meet Saul. We discovered he had gotten into trouble with the police!  He was driving in the wrong direction on a major street in town while looking for fuel. When stopped, Saul fought with the police and was taken into police custody. Our van was towed. After this situation was resolved, we began our trip back to Lima. 

A strange whining noise began coming from the back of the van.  Chris turned to me and said “That sounds like a tire that is going bad.”  Saul, with his tunes blasting at top volume couldn’t hear it, and as I leaned forward to try to get his attention “BLAM!” The tire exploded.  Fortunately we had a spare, and after adventures using the jack, we were back on the road.

Thank you Saul, for so many memories and stories. I imagine that Saul will remember us whenever he sees an Odonate. I know Chris and I will remember him, his Peruvian music, our adventures on the road, and the Polythore species we found together. 

Our guest blogger for November is Melissa Sanchez- Herrara, the current president of Dragonflies Society of the Americas. Melissa is a lecturer and associate researcher at La Universidad del Rosario in Bogota Colombia. She works in the systematics of the banner-winged damselflies and other odonates from the Neotropical region!

Species of the Month

Immature individual of the Big Plateau Blue damsel, M. laterale, showing off the orange coloration in its abdomen. (Photo by Leonardo Rache Rodriguez)

(Photo #2) Group of individuals of several sexes of Big Plateau Blue damsel, M. laterale, away from the waterbody. Photo by Leonardo Rache Rodriguez.

(Photo #3) M. lateral in the mating wheel. Photo by Leonardo Rache Rodriguez.

(Photo #4) --Male of M. laterale feeding. Photo by Leonardo Rache Rodriguez.

October’s Featured Species: Big Plateau Blue Damsel (Mesamphiagrion laterale)

This month’s DSA species focus is the Big Plateau Blue Damsel (Mesamphiagrion laterale).  Measuring around four centimeters (about one-and-a-half inches) in length, this blue and black member of the Coenagrionidae family is found in South America; from Venezuela, to Colombia, to Ecuador. Read on to learn more about this delightful species from our October guest blogger Leonardo Rache Rodriguez as he chases them in Bogota, Colombia.

A South American Beauty

The Big Plateau Blue Damsel, Mesamphiagrion laterale, is a very common species in the wetlands of Bogota. However, even regular visitors to these ecosystems may overlook it due to its slender body and short flights. The damselfly appears in groups of up to 30 individuals, usually composed of a mix of mature and immature males and females. Immature individuals are easily differentiated from mature individuals by the presence of an orange mark on the dorsum, or upper side,  of the first abdominal segments. These changes in body coloration across their adulthood may confuse a naive observer into thinking these damselflies are more than one species.

You may observe large groups of M. laterale individuals in the grassy wetlands, away from water. Intraspecific aggressive behaviors are uncommon. The Big Plateau Blue Damsel feeds on small dipterans (true flies) in these habitats. They may also be preyed on by other arthropods, mainly spiders.

Reproductive behavior is most easily seen between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m., their activity peak.  Individuals seem undisturbed by observers. In my years of watching their breeding behavior, I have not seen clear male courtship. Instead, males pounce on females in flight or those perched on vegetation. Then, they take them in tandem. Sometimes females move their abdomens up and down. This can be interpreted as a refusal to copulate with a male. 

After a male takes a female in tandem, other males will try to do the same with that female. The pair usually flies into nearby vegetation to avoid the harassment! This makes observation of oviposition difficult. Females usually oviposit in tandem with the male, mainly on one of the most widespread  flowering plants in Bogota’s wetlands, larger bur marigold (Bidens laevis).

The duration of the larval (or nymph) stage takes between nine and ten months. The larvae can be easily reared in captivity because of their small size. They survive on water fleas, copepods, and small notonectidae (aquatic insects) which are found in their natal waters. 

This species is particularly important to me as an odonatologist. It was included in my first research project after I received my bachelor’s degree. I was able to select one species----and of course, I chose M. laterale. Its light and contrasting colors are just another reason to love this species. My best photos are of Big Plateau Blue Damsels. It seems they like being photographed! 

Our guest blogger for October is Leonardo Rache Rodriguez,  a biologist who likes fieldwork and teaching. Rodriguez has worked with dragonflies and damselflies for more than ten years, especially focusing on ecological and morphological issues. Currently, he is a school teacher trying to help kids appreciate the intrinsic value of insects. Says Rodriguez: “The world is in their hands and legs, respectively.”

Species of the Month

Great Spreadwing (Archilestes grandis) copyright Kim Smith

Canal locks: great habitat for spreadwings. --- copyright Kim Smith

Great Spreadwings ovipositing --- copyright Kim Smith

Grand Leste (Archilestes grandis). Droits d’auteur Kim Smith

L’écluse : habitat de choix des lestes. Droits d’auteur Kim Smith

Grand leste en train de pondre. Droits d’auteur Kim Smith

September’s Featured Species: Great Spreadwing (Archilestes grandis) 

This month’s DSA species focus is the Great Spreadwing (Archilestes grandis), our largest North American damselfly species. Measuring up to 2.4 inches long, Great Spreadwings can be found near slow-moving streams or ponds. Their range includes the U.S. Southwest north to California, south to Venezuela passing through Central America, and east as far as the Atlantic. Read on to see how this species surprised our September guest blogger, Kim Smith.

 Odes in Trees?

In Northwest Ohio, we have a breeding population of Great Spreadwing damselflies at Toledo Metroparks. The park has restored and maintained "locks" from the old Miami & Erie Canal.  What's a lock? It's a system of gates and sluices used for raising and lowering boats and other vessels. The spreadwings are easily found along the edges of this waterway, often in good numbers. I always look forward to seeing them in the late summer as they emerge.

A few years ago I’d made my annual visit to this spot and was enjoying some quiet time observing them going about their lives. Many of them were cooperative photo subjects on the grassy banks. I saw some pairs in tandem and watched one pair come to rest in a small shrub a few feet up from the water’s edge. To my surprise, the female began inserting eggs in the woody stems about a foot above the ground. Prior to that day, the only odonates I’d seen ovipositing in wood were swamp darners, so I reveled in my discovery of a behavior new to me. As I watched the spreadwings, I took note of the large ovipositor of the female and realized that this might be an adaptation that allows cutting into those woody stems.

I continued taking photos of the egg laying process and thought that was going to be the exciting moment of my day. But then I saw one of the tandem pairs fly up over my head into the Box Elder tree behind me. They were ovipositing on branches that hung 10 feet above the water! I’ve since learned that Great Spreadwings are one of the few damselfly species that lay eggs this far above the water. They’ve been documented ovipositing as high as 44 feet. That’s a long drop for a tiny nymph/larva!

Each day I observe Odonates there is the potential for another surprising discovery. It's that possibility that gets me out in the field, time and time again.

Our guest blogger for September is Kim Smith, a dragonfly monitor in Toledo, Ohio. Kim is the founder of NatureIsMyTherapy.com, where she writes about dragonflies and other insects and how they help people form meaningful connections to the natural world. She’s the Vice President of Toledo Naturalists’ Association and serves on the board of the Oak Openings Region chapter of Wild Ones, a nonprofit that educates the public about the ecological importance of native plants.

L’espèce choisie ce mois-ci est le Grand Leste (Archilestes grandis), la plus grande espèce de demoiselles d’Amérique du Nord. Mesurant jusqu’à 6 centimètres de long, le Grand Leste vit le long de cours d’eau lents ou d’étangs. Son aire de distribution inclut le sud-ouest des États-Unis, s’étend au nord jusqu’à la Californie, au sud jusqu’au Venezuela y inclus l’Amérique Centrale, et à l’est jusqu’à l’Océan Atlantique. Lisez le reste de l’article pour découvrir comment cette espèce a étonné notre invitée de septembre, Kim Smith.

Des odonates dans les arbres ?

Dans le nord-ouest de l’Ohio, il existe une population reproductrice de Grands Lestes au Metroparks de Toledo. Le parc a restauré et entretient les « écluses » du vieux Miami and Erie Canal. En quoi consiste une écluse ? C’est un système de portes et de sas utilisé pour faire monter et descendre les bateaux et autres embarcations. On trouve facilement des lestes, souvent en bon nombre, le long des berges de ce canal. Je suis toujours impatiente de les voir lorsqu’ils émergent à la fin de l’été.

Il y a quelques années, lors de ma visite annuelle à cet endroit, j’eu le plaisir de les observer tranquillement pendant qu’ils poursuivaient leurs activités. Beaucoup d’entre eux se trouvaient sur les berges herbeuses, posant pour des photos. Je vis plusieurs couples en tandem et observai l’un d’eux venant se poser dans un petit buisson à quelques mètres du bord de l’eau. À ma grande surprise, la femelle commença à insérer des œufs dans des tiges ligneuses à environ 30 centimètres de hauteur. Jusqu’à ce jour-là, la seule espèce d’odonates que j’avais observé en train de pondre dans du bois était l’Aeschne majestueux. Je fus donc très contente d’avoir découvert un comportement nouveau pour moi. En observant les lestes, je remarquai la grande taille de l’ovipositeur de la femelle et conclu que cette taille est peut-être une adaptation qui lui permet de faire des fentes de ponte dans les tiges ligneuses.

Je continuai à prendre des photos du processus de ponte en pensant que ce serait le moment le plus excitant de ma journée. Mais c’est alors que je vis un couple en tandem me survolant en direction d’un érable negundo qui se trouvait derrière moi. Ils se mirent à pondre sur des branches à trois mètres au-dessus de l’eau. Par la suite, j’appris que le Grand Leste est une des rares espèces de demoiselles qui pondent à une telle hauteur au-dessus de l’eau. Il a été documenté qu’ils peuvent pondre jusqu’à une hauteur de 15 mètres. C’est une longue chute pour une minuscule nymphe/larve !

En ce qui me concerne, chaque journée d’observation d’odonates offre l’occasion de faire une autre découverte surprenante. C’est ce qui me motive à continuer à aller sur le terrain.  

Notre invitée bloggeuse de Septembre est Kim Smith, qui est chargée de recenser et documenter les libellules à Toledo. Kim a créé le blog NaturalsMyTherapy.com, où elle écrit au sujet des libellules et autres insectes et explique comment ils aident les gens à se connecter de façon significative avec le monde naturel. Elle est vice-présidente de la Toledo Naturalists’ Association et est membre du comité de gestion de la société Oak Opening Region chapter of Wild Ones, une organisation sans but lucratif qui éduque le public sur l’importance écologique des plantes natives.

Anatomy and Functional Morphology of Dragonfly Nymphs by Marla Garrison! coming next Sept 24th at 4pm EDT

Ever wonder what happens after a dragonfly lays her eggs, what goes on beneath the water, that time between egg positioning and adult emergence? This significant period of a dragonfly’s life cycle is also the longest, ranging from six weeks to seven years! Dragonflies are strongly tied to the wetlands and waterways in which their nymphs develop and have evolved. The physical and biotic characteristics of a given species aquatic niche often translate into structural modifications in nymphal form. We’ll begin this image intensive workshop with a brief introduction to the growth and development of dragonfly nymphs from egg hatching to adult eclosion. We will closely examine nymph structure, highlighting functional morphologies and relating them to habitat preference and species distribution.

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Species of the Month

Figure 1: Anax longipes  (Comet Darner) Teneral Adult Male. Photo by M.C. Garrison

Figure 2: Distribution range of A. longipes from OdonataCentral.org July 10, 2021

(https://www.odonatacentral.org/app/#/maps/?filterqs=%7Cexcludeinat%7Chighqualityonly%7Ctaxons%3A45010)

Figure 3: Anax longipes (Comet Darner) Final Instar. Photo by M.C. Garrison

AUGUST’S FEATURED SPECIES: 

Comet Darner

This month’s DSA species focus is the Comet Darner (Anax longipes).  The Comet Darner is in the family Aeshnidae, and is found from the southernmost point of Texas to Nova Scotia. It is between three and three-and-a-half inches long (75-87 cm), and flies from May to August. Read on to hear about our August guest blogger Marla Garrison’s fascinating encounter with the species.

Meteor?.....Asteroid?.....no.....Comet (Darner)!

When Anax longipes (Comet Darner) rockets across your visual field and makes a jet-line across the pond, you can’t help but feel that something extraterrestrial has entered your atmosphere. That fire engine red abdomen sets your heart ablaze and your blood pumping. You hanker to see more but those red devils just won’t sit down. Eerrgh! In fact, vouchered photo records of A. longipes are usually pictures of crimson males on the wing, indicating the rarity with which they alight during daylight hours. The image shown here is of a teneral (newly emerged) male whose color has not fully developed yet and who was willing to ‘hang up to dry’ and give me a chance to photograph him. (Figure 1)

A. longipes is known throughout the Eastern and Midwestern United States. There are even a few records from Southeastern Canada. (Figure 2) Its distribution, however, is spotty, probably due to its need for shallow, fishless, grassy/well-vegetated ponds in which to breed. A. longipes nymphs (ie. aquatic stage) are intolerant of fish such as sunfish and bass....a problem in suburbia where just about every pond has been stocked. Given A. longipes’ strong flight and selective habitat preference, a question arises. Are the adults seen flying over ponds and wetlands actually site residents or simply engaged in reconnaissance and/or dispersal?

So, I was pleasantly surprised in 2017 to find a successful breeding habitat for A. longipes not far from where I live in the Chicago region. It was a pond formed between glacial kames and home to very rich damselfly and frog populations---but no fish. It had plentiful emergent and aquatic vegetation. I observed male A. longipes in flight, ‘mating pairs ‘in wheel’, ovipositing females, several different instars (i.e. growth stages) of nymphs and, best of all, 14 exuviae (i.e. shed skins at emergence). Taken as a whole, this was powerful evidence of a successful breeding site.

A. longipes used the large mats of floating vegetation and the water-logged thick dead stems of Phragmites, an invasive wetland species, for depositing their eggs. I was able to harvest A. longipes eggs from the sodden Phragmites stems and describe the subsequent egg and nymph development in Argia Vol. 31 (1) Mar 2019.

Final instar A. longipes nymphs are impressive in size. They measure up to 6 cm (2.6 inches) in length and are one of the largest species in North America. (Figure 3) They can be the top predator in some fishless habitats. A. longipes nymphs fed well on the rich fauna of invertebrates in this pond. 

Over the next two field seasons I found nymphs of A. longipes here, but noticed that the vegetation structure at the edge was diminishing and the crayfish population was skyrocketing. Eventually, the county sprayed the Phragmites and it, the water lilies and the cattails all disappeared. Oviposition material for Lestes species (spreadwing damselflies) and A. longipes was no longer available.

By summer of 2020, every dip net revealed dozens of crayfish and very little else. Although I do not know the species of crayfish that has taken over this pond, I have seen firsthand how a spike in omnivorous crayfish can drastically alter aquatic flora and fauna. I have swept the depauperate shoreline of a lake in northern Wisconsin where the invasive Rusty Crayfish effectively annihilated all other invertebrate populations leaving, in essence, an aquatic desert.

I have not seen A. longipes flying over the pond since, and have been unable to recover any nymphs. Through competition, human intervention and/or natural cycles, the Comet Darner burned bright and then burned out above and beneath this pond. How long it had been there before it was extirpated no one knows. One thing is certain though, the adults are bold and brassy and capable of colonizing it again when, and if, conditions develop in their favor. 

UPDATE, July 18, 2021

I visited the pond this morning. The lack of dragonflies in the air was shocking - one Anax junius (Common Green Darner), one Epicordulia princeps (Prince Baskettail), several Ischnura verticalis (Eastern Forktail), I. posita (Fragile Forktail) and a few Enallagma aspersum (Azure Bluet). I did not find a single Spreadwing at the shoreline or up in the surrounding vegetation. 

And what a shock when dip netting did not pull up a single crayfish!  That population has indeed crashed. Red worms, leeches, a few water scorpions and some tiny minnows were present along with abundant Plathemis (Whitetail) early instars - an odonate species that doesn't mind the mud. Milfoil was abundant (good real estate for forktails), but little else. There were three small rafts of water lilies holding on though, so perhaps a new cycle is beginning. It is amazing how fast the life of a pond can fluctuate, and difficult to document well unless one takes a good long peak below the surface.

Our August guest blogger is Marla C. Garrison, McHenry County College, Department of Biology, Crystal Lake IL. She is the author of Damselflies of Chicagoland: A Photo Field Guide for the Field Museum in Chicago and a frequent lecturer on Odonates and Odonate nymphs.  Learn more about nymphs in Argia’s quarterly column "Nymph Cove'' written by Marla Garrison and  Ken Tennessen.  Contact Marla at mgarrison@mchenry.edu

ESPÈCE du mois

Figure 1 : Mâle ténéral d’Anax longipes (Anax ardent). Photo M.C. Garrison.

Figure 2 : Carte de répartition de l’Anax longipes d’après OdonataCentral.org, 10 juillet 2021:

(https://www.odonatacentral.org/app/#/maps/?filterqs=%7Cexcludeinat%7Chighqualityonly%7Ctaxons%3A45010).

Figure 3 : Dernier instar d’Anax longipes (Anax ardent). Photo M.C. Garrison.

L’Anax ardent

L’espèce choisie ce mois-ci est l’Anax ardent (Anax longipes). L’Anax ardent fait partie de la famille des Aeshnidés et vit de la pointe sud du Texas jusqu’en Nouvelle-Écosse. Il mesure de 3 à 31/2 pouces de long (75-87 cm) et vole de mai à août. Lisez l’article suivant, écrit par notre invitée du mois d’août, Marla Garrison, pour en apprendre plus sur sa rencontre fascinante avec l’Anax ardent.

Un météore ? Un astéroïde ? Non… Une comète (« Comet Darner ») !

Quand un Anax longipes (Anax ardent) traverse notre champ visuel à toute vitesse et file au-dessus d’un étang, on ne peut s’empêcher d’avoir l’impression qu’un objet extraterrestre a pénétré l’atmosphère. Son abdomen rouge vif vous fait battre le cœur et votre sang ne fait qu’un tour. Cela donne envie d’en savoir plus, mais ces démons rouges refusent de se poser. Grrr ! En fait, la documentation photographique d’Anax ardent consiste surtout en photos de mâles de couleur cramoisie en vol, ce qui illustre le fait qu’ils se posent rarement pendant la journée. La photo inclue dans cet article montre un mâle ténéral (c’est-à-dire qui vient d’émerger) dont la couleur n’est pas encore complètement développée et qui a bien voulu se poser verticalement pour « se sécher », me donnant ainsi l’occasion de le photographier (Figure 1). 

L’Anax ardent vit dans tout l’est et milieu des États-Unis. Quelques records existent même dans le sud-est du Canada (Figure 2). Sa distribution est toutefois sporadique, ce qui est probablement lié au fait qu’ il a besoin, pour se reproduire, d’étangs peu profonds, sans poisson, et contenant suffisamment de végétation. Les larves de l’Anax ardent, qui constituent le stade reproducteur aquatique, ne tolèrent pas la présence de poissons tels que les Lepomis spp. et la perche. Cette situation pose un problème dans les zones suburbaines, où ces espèces ont été introduites dans pratiquement tous les étangs. Le vol énergique de l’Anax ardent et sa préférence pour des milieux particuliers mènent à la question suivante. Les adultes qu’on voit voler au-dessus d’étangs et de zones humides résident-ils à ces endroits, ou bien sont-ils simplement en vol de reconnaissance ou peut-être en train de se disperser ? 

C’est ainsi qu’en 2017 je fus agréablement surprise de découvrir un habitat favorable à la reproduction de l’Anax ardent non loin d’où je vis dans la région de Chicago. Il s’agissait d’un étang situé entre des monticules de sable et gravier déposés à l’époque glaciaire et contenant des populations importantes de demoiselles et de grenouilles, mais pas de poisson. L’étang avait beaucoup de végétation émergente et aquatique. J’y observai des Anax ardents mâles en vol, des couples en roue d’accouplement, des femelles en train de pondre, des larves à différents stades de développement (instars) et, surtout, 14 exuvies (cuticules chitineuses que les libellules abandonnent lors de leur émergence). Dans l’ensemble, tout ceci suggérait fortement l’existence d’un site de reproduction fructueux. 

Les Anax longipes utilisaient les grands tapis de végétation flottante et les tiges mortes et gorgées d’eau de Phragmites, une plante invasive des zones humides, pour déposer leurs œufs. Je réussi à récolter des œufs d’Anax ardent parmi les tiges détrempées de Phragmites et à décrire le développement ultérieur des œufs et des larves dans la revue ARGIA (no. 31/1, mars 2019). 

Le dernier instar d’Anax ardent a une taille impressionnante. Sa longueur atteint 6 cm (2.6 pouces) et c’est une des espèces les plus grandes d’Amérique du nord (Figure 3). Il peut être le prédateur supérieur dans certains habitats dépourvus de poissons. Les larves d’Anax étaient bien nourries grâce à la riche faune d’invertébrés de l’étang. 

Au cours des deux saisons de terrain suivantes, j’ai trouvé des larves d’Anax longipes au même endroit, mais j’ai noté un changement de structure de la végétation entourant l’étang ainsi qu’une explosion de la population d’écrevisses. Finalement, le département a pulvérisé les Phragmites et ceux-ci, ainsi que les nénuphars et les roseaux, ont tous disparu. Les substrats d’oviposition des Lestes (lestes, un type de demoiselles) et d’Anax longipes n’existaient plus. 

En 2020, toutes mes pêches au filet m’ont apporté des douzaines d’écrevisses et pratiquement rien d’autre. Bien que je ne connaisse pas l’espèce d’écrevisse qui a envahi l’étang, j’ai personnellement observé comment une augmentation importante du nombre d’écrevisses peut entraîner des changements dramatiques de la flore et de la faune aquatiques. 

Depuis lors je n’ai pas vu d’A. longipes à l’étang et n’ai pu récolter aucune larve. Suite à la compétition, à l’intervention humaine et/ou à des cycles naturels, l’Anax ardent fut une étoile brillante qui s’est ensuite éteinte au-dessus de et dans l’étang. Personne ne sait combien de temps il fut présent avant d’être éradiqué. Mais une chose est sûre : les adultes sont intrépides et audacieux, et ils seront capables de recoloniser l’étang si les conditions leur redeviennent favorables.

Mise à jour du 18 juillet 2021

Je suis allée à l’étang ce matin. L’absence de libellules en vol était choquante – un Anax junius (Anax précoce), une Epicordulia princeps (Epithèque princière), plusieurs Ischnura verticalis (Agrion vertical) et I. posita (Agrion posé), et quelques Enallagma aspersum (Agrion saupoudré). Je n’ai trouvé aucune leste le long du rivage ou dans la végétation proche.

Mais quelle surprise de n’attraper aucune écrevisse dans mon filet ! La population de cette espèce a très fort diminué ! Il y avait des vers rouges, des sangsues, quelques scorpions d’eau et petits vairons, ainsi que beaucoup de premiers instars de Plathemis (lydienne), une espèce que ne dérange pas la boue. Le myriophylle, qui constitue un substrat favorable pour les agrions, était abondant, mais il n’y avait pas grand-chose d’autre. Il restait cependant encore trois petits tapis de nénuphars, suggérant qu’un nouveau cycle est peut-être en cours. La vitesse à laquelle la vie dans un étang peut changer est étonnante et il est difficile de la documenter sans étudier attentivement ce qui se passe sous la surface de l’eau.

Notre invitée du mois d’août est Marla Garrison, McHenry County College, Département de Biologie, Crystal Lake, IL. Elle est l’auteure de Damselflies of Chicago Land : A Photo Field Guide pour le Field Museum de Chicago, et donne souvent des présentations sur les odonates et leurs larves. Apprenez-en plus sur les larves en lisant la section « Nymph Cove », écrite par Marla Garrison et Ken Tennessen et qui parait tous les trois mois dans ARGIA. Vous pouvez contacter Marla à l’adresse suivante: mgarrison@mchenry.edu.

Traduit par: Dr. Pierre Deviche